 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 53(10)(2024): 3417-3431
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5310-15
Pengesanan Residu Najis dan
Bulu dalam Glikopeptida daripada Produk Sampingan Sarang Burung Walit dan Implikasnya terhadap Status Halal
(Residual Faeces and Feather
Detection in Glycopeptides from Edible Bird’s Nest by-Products and its Implications on Halal Status)
NAZARIYAH
YAHAYA1,2*, MUHAMMAD ARIEFF HAIKAL EZAIDIN2,
HANIS NADIA YAHYA2, ALINA ABDUL RAHIM2, IRWAN MOHD SUBRI3,
NUR AINA ABDULAH3, MOHD NASIR ABDUL MAJID3, ZIZI AZLINDA
MOHD YUSOF3, LIM SENG JOE4, WAN AIDA WAN MUSTAPHA4,
NOORUL SYUHADA MOHD RAZALI4, ZANARIAH HASHIM5, DAYANG
NORULFAIRUZ ABANG ZAIDEL5 & YANTI MASLINA MOHD JUSOH5
1Institut Fatwa dan Halal (IFFAH), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
2Program Bioteknologi Makanan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Sains Islam
Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
3Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Bandar Baru
Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
4Pusat Inovasi Teknologi Manisan (MANIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
5Food and Biomaterial Engineering Research
Group (FoBERG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia
Diserahkan: 4 April 2024/Diterima:
28 Ogos 2024
Abstrak
Sarang Burung Walit (SBW) yang diperbuat daripada air liur burung spesies Aerodramus fuciphagus mempunyai banyak manfaat kesihatan seperti melambatkan proses penuaan serta menguatkan sistem imun manusia. Bagi memaksimumkan penggunaan SBW, hasil sampingan SBW daripada pembersihan awal digunakan oleh pengilang dengan mengekstrak semula glikopeptida yang melekat pada hasil sampingan tersebut. Namun, status Halal glikopeptida yang dikumpul daripada hasil sampingan SBW telah dipersoalkan berhubung kemungkinan kehadiran najis dan bulu burung pada produk akhir yang dijadikan bahan makanan. Kajian ini mengesan kehadiran najis dan bulu dalam glikopeptida yang diekstrak daripada hasil sampingan SBW dengan menggunakan analisis SpektroskopiFourier Transformasi Intramerah (FTIR) yang digabungkan dengan Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA) dan selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan Resonans Magnet Nuklear(NMR). Selain itu, kajian ini juga mengupas mengenai hukum syariah berkaitan dengan burung Walit dan perbandingannya dengan burung layang-layang serta status halal penggunaan glikopeptida yang diperoleh semula daripada hasil sampingan SBW. Hasil daripada kajian ini menunjukkan, analisis FTIR yang digabungkan dengan analisis PCA, dapat mengesan dan membezakan kehadiran penanda (bulu dan najis) dalam sampel hasil sampingan SBW yang diekstrak melalui proses pembersihan yang berbeza.
Keputusan analisis yang sama juga diperoleh melalui kaedah NMR. Mengikut hukum syariah, jika jumlah najis (bulu dan najis) adalah minima dan tidak kelihatan dengan mata kasar, konsep al-najasah al-ma‘fuww ‘anha li qillatiha ‘urfan(ia dimaafkan kerana kadar kecil mengikut uruf) boleh digunakan. Produk itu boleh dipertimbangkan untuk mendapat sijil Halal daripada pihak berkuasa Malaysia.
Kata kunci: Analisis Komponen Utama; bulu and najis burung walit; halal; Spektroskopi Fourier Transformasi Intramerah; Sarang Burung Walit
Abstract
The Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN) is the dried saliva, harvested from the
swiftlets’ nest of Aerodramus fuciphagussp.
possesses many health advantages such as delaying the aging process and
bolstering the human immune system. To optimize EBN use, its by-product, once
treated as waste and lost revenue, is now under study to enhance glycopeptide
retrieval efficiency during nest cleaning. The Halal status of glycopeptide
collected from EBN by-product has been questioned regarding the possibility of
the presence of faeces and feathers in the final product. This study attempts
to detect the presence of faeces and feathers in glycopeptide recovered from
EBN by-product by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) which is
coupled with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis and further analysed
by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). This study also examines Shariah law
related to swiftlets and its comparison with swallows, as well as the halal
status of EBN by-products. The findings of this study show that FTIR and PCA
analyses were able to detect and distinguish the presence of markers (feather
and faeces) in the glycopeptide recovered from EBN by-products
across different cleaning processes. A similar analysis result is also observed
in the NMR method. According to Syariah law, if the amount of najs (feathers and faeces) is minimal and invisible to the
naked eye, the concept of al-najasah al-ma‘fuww ‘anha li qillatiha ‘urfan is
forgiven for its minute quantity according to uruf can be applied, and the product can be then considered certified as Halal by the Malaysian authorities.
Keywords: Edible Bird Nest; feces and feather; Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy; Halal; Principal Component
Analysis
RUJUKAN
Abdullah, F.A.A., Borilova, G. & Steinhauserova, I. 2019.
Halal criteria versus conventional slaughter technology. Animals (Basel) 9(8):
530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080530
Akta Perihal Dagangan. 2011. Takrif Halal (Akta 730).
Al-Nawawi, Muhy al-Din Yahya bin Sharaf. 2008. Minhaj
Al-Talibin Wa ‘Umdah Al-Muftin. Beirut: Dar Al-Minhaj.
Al-Nawawi, Muhy al-Din Yahya bin Sharaf. 1991. Rawdah
Al-Talibin Wa ‘Umdah Al-Muftin. Beirut: Maktabah Al-Islam.
Ainul Yaqin Bakharudin. 2021. Irsyad Al-Fatwa Siri Ke 633:
Hukum Makan Bulu Ayam. Putrajaya: Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan.
https://www.muftiwp.gov.my/ms/artikel/irsyad-hukum/irsyad-fatwa-umum/5034-irsyad-al-fatwa-siri-ke-633-hukum-makan-bulu-ayam
Areta, J.I., Salvador, S.A., Gandoy, F.A., Bridge, E.S.,
Gorleri, F.C., Pegan, T.M., Gulson-Castillo, E.R., Hobson,
K.A. & Winkler, D.W. 2021. Rapid adjustments of migration and life history
in hemisphere-switching cliff swallows. Current Biology 31(13):
2914-2919.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.019
Bhatta, S., Stevanovic, T.J. & Ratti, C. 2020.
Freeze-drying of plant-based foods. Foods 9(1): 87.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010087
Chong Poh Kei, Sue Lian Mun, Lee Sin Chang, Abdul Salam Babji
& Seng Joe Lim 2022. Fractionation of edible bird’s nest glycoprotein
hydrolysates: Characterisation and antioxidative activities of the fractions. Food
Science and Human Wellness 11(4): 886-894.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.015
Chua Lee Suan & Siti Najihah Zukefli. 2016. A
comprehensive review of edible bird nests and swiftlet farming. Journal of
Integrative Medicine 14(6): 415-428.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60282-0
E-SMAF, JAKIM. 2005. Pendapat Mengenai Makanan ‘Sarang Burung
Layang-Layang'. Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Fatwa, Negeri Sembilan.
http://e-smaf.islam.gov.my/e-smaf/fatwa/fatwa/find/pr/12371
Fatwa, Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa. 2005. Pendapat Mengenai
Makanan “Sarang Burung Layang-Layang”. Jabatan Mufti Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan.
https://muftins.gov.my/fatwa/pendapat-mengenai-makanan-sarang-burung-layang-layang/
Gan Jing Yi, Lee Sin Chang, Nur Athirah Mat Nasir, Abdul
Salam Babji & Seng Joe Lim. 2020. Evaluation of physicochemical properties,
amino acid profile and bioactivities of edible bird’s nest hydrolysate as
affected by drying methods. LWT 131: 109777.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109777.
Gathercole, J.L., Grosvenor,
A.J., Lee, E., Thomas, A., Mitchell, C.J., Zeng, N., D'Souza, R.F., Ramzan, F.,
Sharma, P., Knowles, S.O., Roy, N.C., Sjödin, A., Wagner, K.H., Milan, A.M.,
Mitchell, S.M. & Cameron-Smith, D. 2020. Analysis of human faecal host proteins: Responsiveness to 10-week
dietary intervention modifying dietary
protein intake in elderly males. Frontiers in Nutrition 7: 595905.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.595905
Guo, L., Wu, Y., Liu, M., Wang, B., Ge, Y. & Chen, Y.
2017. Determination of edible bird’s nests by FTIR and SDS-PAGE coupled with
multivariate analysis. Food Control 80: 259-266.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.007
Hamzah, Z., Jeyaraman, S., Ibrahim, N.H., Hashim, O., Lee, B-B. & Hussin, K. 2013. A rapid technique to determine purity of edible bird nest. Advances in Environmental Biology 7: 3758-3765. Ibn Manzur & Muhammad Mukrim. 1993. Lisan Al-Arab. Dar Al-Sadir: Beirut Lubnan
Ibrahim,
S.H., Teo, W.C. & Baharun, A. 2009. A study on suitable habitat for
swiftlet farming. Unimas E-Journal of Civil Engineering 1(1): 1-7.
Lee Ting Hun, Waseem A Wani, Chia Hau Lee, Kian Kai Cheng,
Sheikh Shreaz, Syieluing Wong, Norfadilah Hamdan & Nurul Alia Azmi. 2021.
Edible bird’s nest: The functional values of the prized animal-based bioproduct
from Southeast Asia–A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.626233
Li, L.F., Cheng, H.Y., Lang,
J., Wong, T.L., Zhang, J.X., Wu, W.J., Zhang, Q.W., Kong, H.Y., Lai, C.H.,
Fung, H.Y., Liu, M., Bao, W.R., Huo, C.Y., Zheng, H.M., Hou, Q.K., Bai, S.P.
& Han, Q.B. 2023. An oligosaccharide
marker for rapid authentication of edible bird’s nest. Food Chemistry 409: 135334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135334
Ling Jin Wei Alvin, Lee Sin Chang, Abdul Salam Babji &
Seng Joe Lim. 2020. Recovery of value-added glycopeptides from edible bird’s
nest (EBN) co-products: Enzymatic hydrolysis, physicochemical characteristics
and bioactivity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100(13):
4714-4722. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10530
Ma, F. & Liu, D. 2012. Sketch of the edible bird’s nest
and its important bioactivities. Food Research International 48:
559-567.
Malaysian Standard MS2333: 2010. Good manufacturing practice
(GMP) for processing raw-unclean and raw-clean edible-birdnest (EBN).
https://mysol.jsm.gov.my/: hlm. 1-17.
Mardiastuti,
A. 2016. Edible nest swiftlet management in Indonesia. In Tropical
Conservation: Persepctive on Local and Global Priorities, edited by
Aquirre, A. & Sukumar, R. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 363.
Mendes-Pinto, M.M., LaFountain, A.M., Stoddard, M.C., Prum,
R.O., Frank, H.A. & Robert, B. 2012. Variation in carotenoid-protein
interaction in bird feathers produces novel plumage coloration. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 9(77): 3338-3350. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0471
Nurul Nadiah Mohamad Nasir, Ramlah Mohamad Ibrahim, Md Zuki
Abu Bakar, Rozi Mahmud & Nor Asma Ab Razak. 2021. Characterization and
extraction influence protein profiling of edible bird’s nest. Foods 10(10): 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102248
Muhammad Shahrul Nizam Muhadi. 2019. Irsyad Al-Fatwa Siri
Ke -338: Adakah Tangki Air yang Penuh dengan Bangkai Tikus dan Sebagainya Boleh
Digunakan untuk Bersuci?. Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan.
https://www.muftiwp.gov.my/ms/artikel/irsyad-hukum/irsyad-fatwa-umum/3839-irsyad-al-fatwa-siri-ke-338-adakah-tangki-air-yang-penuh-dengan-bangkai-tikus-dan-sebagainya-digunakan-untuk-bersuci
Munirah
Abd Rahman, Puspa Liza Ghazali & Chong Ju Lian. 2018. Environmental
parameters in successful edible bird nest swiftlet houses in Terengganu. Journal
of Sustainability Sciences and Management 13(1): 127-131.
Noor Atikah, S., Nur
Azira, T., Nurul Azarima, M.A., Haizatul, G. & Siti Nur
Syahirah, Z. 2020. Detection of edible bird’s nest using Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with principle component analysis (PCA). Journal
of Halal Industry & Services 3(1): a0000168.
https://doi.org/10.3687/jhis.a0000168
Noor Hidayati, S.M., Babji, A.S. & Lim, S.J. 2018.
Nutritional composition of different grades of edible bird’s nest and its
enzymatic hydrolysis. AIP Conference Proceedings 1940: 20088.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5028003
Nur ‘Aliah Daud, Salma Mohamad Yusop, Abdul Salam Babji, Seng
Joe Lim, Shahrul Razid Sarbini & Tan Hui Yan. 2021. Edible bird’s nest:
Physicochemical properties, production, and application of bioactive extracts
and glycopeptides. Food Reviews International 37(2): 177-196.
https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2019.1696359
Nur ‘Aliah Daud, Shahrul Razid Sarbini, Abdul Salam Babji,
Salma Mohamad Yusop & Seng Joe Lim. 2019. Characterization of edible
swiftlet’s nest as a prebiotic ingredient using a simulated colon model. Annals
of Microbiology 69(12): 1235-1246.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-019-01507-1
Nurul Hidayah Jamalluddin, Nur Azira Tukiran, Nurrulhidayah
Ahmad Fadzillah & Sharihan Fathi. 2019. Overview of edible bird’s nests and
their contemporary issues. Food Control 104: 247-255.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.042
Osman, M.A., Sugnaseelan,
S., Panandam, J.M. & Ab Ghani, N.I. 2020. Molecular sex
identification of Malaysian white-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus Thunberg,
1812). Ecology & Evolution 10: 10440-10448. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6699
Thorburn, C.C. 2015. The edible nest swiftlet industry in
Southeast Asia: Capitalism meets commensalism. Human Ecology 43(1):
179-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9713-1
Williams, N. 2006. Swallows track human moves. Current
Biology 16(7): PR231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.031
Yusuf al-Qaradawi. 1994. Al-Halal wa al-Haram. Beirut:
Maktabah al-Islami.
Yong, C-H., Syahidah Akmal, M., Fatimatuzzahra’, A.A.,
Jing-Sheng, N., Fatin Ilyani, N., Adenan, M.N.H. & Moosa, S. 2022.
Detection of adulteration activities in edible bird’s nest using untargeted
1H-NMR metabolomics with chemometrics. Food Control 132: 108542.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108542
Zulkifli Mohamad Al Bakri. 2023. Percikan
Air Basuhan ketika Membasuh Tangan dari Najis. https://maktabahalbakri.com/3479-percikan-air-basuhan-ketika-membasuh-tangan-dari-najis/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.001
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: nazariyah@usim.edu.my
|
|||
|
